THEORIES OF AGING

Biologic theories of aging attempt to explain why the physical changes of aging occur. Researcher try to identify which biologic factors have the greatest influence or longevity.

▪ The programmed theory à biologic clock.

▪ The rut-out-program theory à every person has a limited amount of genetic material that will run out over a time.

▪ The living theory à individuals have a finite numbers of breaths or hearts beat that are used up over a time.

▪ The gen theory

▪ The error theory à that error ribonucleic acid, protein synthesis cause errors to occur in cells in the body, resulting in a progressive decline in biologic function.

▪ The somatic mutations theory

▪ The free radical theory: the free radical theory provides a one explanation for cell damage. Free radicals are unstable molecules produces by the body during the normal metabolism or following exposure to radiation and pollution. These free radicals are suspected to cause damage to the cells, DNA, and the immune system. One free radical named lipofuscin, has been identify to cause a buildup of fatty pigments granules that cause age spots in older adults. Individuals who support theory propose that the number of free radicals can be reduced by te use of antioxidants such as a vitamins A, C and E carotenoids zinc, selenium and phyttochemicals.

▪ The cross line (connective tissue theory): that cell molecules from DNA and connective tissue interact with free radicals to cause bonds that decrease the ability if tissue to replace itself.

▪ The clinker theory

▪ The neuroendocrine theory

▪ The immunologic theory

Psychosocial theories:

Psychosocial theories of aging don’t explain why the physical changes of aging occur; rather the attempt to explain why older adults have different responses to the aging process.

▪ The disengagement theory: was developed to explain why aging persons separate from the mainstream of society.

▪ The activity theory: propose that activity is necessary to successful aging. Active participation in physical ad mental activities helps maintain functioning well into old age.

▪ Life course theories: life-course theories are perhaps the theory best known to nursing. These theories trace personality and personal adjustment throughout a person´s life. Many of these theories are specific in identifying life oriented task for the aging person. Four of the most of common theories:

-   Erikson`s

-   Havighurst´s

-   Newman´s

-   Jung´s

Implications for nursing:

Nursing can help individuals achieve the longest healthiest lives possible, promotin good health, maintenance practices and a healthy environment. Psychosocial theories help explain the variety of behaviours seen in the aging population. Understating all of these theories can help nurse recognize problems and provide nursing interventions. 

Personal reflection:

The geriatric patient will suffer physical and psychological changes constantly.

Report preventive measures to go, or if the disease is already established making techniques that make carrying easier and more affordable.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Gloria Hoffmann Wold. Basic Geriatric Nursing. 5th Edition. Elsevier. Biology of aging. Chile. 2009